Necronomicon

The punch line should go as follows: Not being a fucking retard.

I can't wait until these evil savages get blasted into a million peices by US cruise missles!!

You, sick tasteless fucks!! You make me ill, the way you make light of tragedy. My MOTHER was CRUSHED by a boulder. FUCKERS!!!

Its more like "wallow your way up" right now. Pray to your gods for thaw/freeze.

Ripped it UP!!! Blood was spilled!!!

Clip biner to picket one hole past canter hole. Clip biner to harness. Enjoy picket jabbbing into the back of your knee. Transfer picket to shoulder sling.

Can I wank you, dear?

Ain't no thing...

Out there today with Mike, looked real shitty, lots of new snow on the lower part of the face, couldn't see the upper 1500', drank beer in the parking lot. Could take a bit to come into good shape, freezing levels are supposed to stay pretty low for a while.

Hah! By that wording, a clear use of an avatar. And then Mr. Iain contributes his own "compassion" (from another topic): "Maybe Great White should go play a benefit concert in the palace " In all of the frivolity of "spray" (a questionable luxury on a climbing bulletin board) why don't some of you people grow up and think before you scoff at tragedy? Great White sucks anyways. Now Whitesnake, they fuckin' RULE!

Look three dimensional to me, can't be hexagons. Fucking idiots...

Hello Kitty has no mouth, but she must scream. That is why her head is so big. Hello Kitty has no mouth, yet she speaks the truth. Hello Kitty has no mouth, so where has all the porridge gone? Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she has a tongue. Hello Kitty has no mouth, but she keeps buying toothpaste. Hello Kitty has no mouth, but she always eats her vegetables. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet I have no mouth. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet one of her listed hobbies is eating the cookies her sister bakes. Hello Kitty wept for she had no mouth, until she met a man who had no face. Hello Kitty has no mouth, but she still knows how to whistle. Hello Kitty has no mouth, but it only takes her three licks to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie PopTM Hello Kitty has no mouth to spite her face. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and by this time her lungs are aching for air. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet in space you can hear her scream. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet mmmmph mmphhmmph mmphmppph! Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet her mother can't get her to stop sucking her thumb. Hello Kitty has no mouth, but man can she hum. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she is sooooo hungry. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet her dentist always gives her a sugar-free lollipop. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet children are starving in Africa. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she's always putting her foot in it. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet her breath is always minty fresh. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and when she gets sick, her head swells to near bursting. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and so she really didn't inhale. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she is expert with a blowgun. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet her lipstick is prostitute red. Hello Kitty has no mouth, but she makes that saxaphone come alive. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she also has no shame. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she often smokes in bed. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she's bulemic. Hello Kitty has no mouth but hey, cocaine goes up your nose! Hello Kitty has no mouth, but she still enjoys a good cigar. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she's always coughing up hairballs. Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet I don't know why she swallowed a fly. Perhaps she'll die. Hello Kitty has no mouth, yet she's the reigning 'Star Search' lip synch champion. Hello Kitty has no mouth, yet she's the spokesperson for Sanrio. Hello Kitty has no mouth, because "if you can't say anything nice then don't say anything at all". Hello Kitty has no mouth, and yet she bites the hand that feeds her.

You clowns think it is really funny, don't you? People die in a tragic fire. Post recipes for burning and explosions. Big funny joke! Necro., your words of a few days ago in which you apologized for making light of human suffering are obviously insincere. I think you should give up the little act of being the scary necro death guy and come up with a new avatar. RURP has spoken. Actually, sincerely, this time around, I'm not making light of human suffering. I was simply posting info for some chemical reactions. I was someone else who brought up the Rhode Island thing, not me.

Online sources?

Hand of Fire

In recent years, considerable interest in ethanol as a fuel extender, octane enhancer, oxygenate, and a neat fuel has increased dramatically because of concerns associated with conventional transportation fuels. The elimination of tetra-ethyl lead in gasoline during the mid-1980's and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments have required refinery operations to provide oxygenated gasoline in order to "fill the octane gap" and "reduce" carbon monoxide emissions and smog in the nation's most polluted areas. Currently, ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) are the two oxygenated fuels most widely used in Federal and California reformulated gasoline, and winter oxygenated gasoline in the Western United States. Ethanol may be considered as the attractive oxygenate over MTBE as ethanol produced from biomass is a renewable fuel while MTBE requires isobutene, a fossil fuel, for synthesis, and ethanol has roughly double the oxygen content than MTBE on an oxygen to carbon basis. There are fundamental and practical reasons for examining the oxidation of ethanol. Approximately, 6 to 10 volume percent of reformulated gasoline consists of ethanol as required by current federal and state urban air quality standards. As regulations on pollutant emissions become stricter, the amount of oxygenated fuel like ethanol in gasoline could increase. Therefore, we need a full understanding of the reaction pathways by which ethanol is oxidized and of the pollutant species that it may produce. This understanding will allow industry and regulatory agencies to better evaluate the feasibility and relationship between the combustion process and pollutant emissions when using ethanol. The objective of the current study is to develop and validate a detailed chemical kinetic model for ethanol combustion by comparison with ignition delay data, laminar flame speed data, and species profiles from ethanol oxidation in a turbulent flow reactor. Reaction pathway and sensitivity analysis are used to help identify those reactions and their accompanying rate constants that exhibit a strong influence on the ethanol oxidation process. Initial modeling results show very good agreement with the data sets obtained from the three different experimental systems. The initial analysis of the model indicates that high temperature ethanol oxidation exhibits strong sensitivity to the fall-off kinetics of ethanol decomposition, branching ratio selection for C2H5OH+OH=products, and reactions involving the hydroperoxyl (HO2) radical. Source

I nominate Trask for the wipe my ass with your face award.

Sodium is a Periodic Table elemental metal with atomic number of 11. Sodium does not exist in nature except in its more stable compounds like sodium chloride (salt), or sodium carbonate. Sodium metal is typically produced by electrolysis of molten salt, yielding a light, lusterous, metal, similar to mercury’s silvery appearance when kept under inert nitrogen or argon atmosphere. Sodium metal is an extremely reactive chemical with water, alcohols, or most halogen-containing compounds, thus it is essential for safety of those handling Sodium to isolate it from all sources of water or those other chemicals with which it can react explosively. Most sodium reactions with other chemicals produce by-product hydrogen gas, which due to its explosion potential, can be destructive. Source

Done. See above.

The chemical properties of lithium resemble those of sodium, but its reactions are the least reactive for the alkali metals group. However, lithium is still highly reactive chemically, and must be stored under liquid paraffin, which contains no oxygen, to prevent oxidation. Lithium burns readily in air forming a mixture of lithium suboxide. 4 Li + O2 ==> 2 Li2O Lithium reacts readily with the halogens, forming the appropriate lithium salt. 2 Li + Cl2 ==> 2 LiCl Lithium reacts violently with water, forming lithium hydroxide and liberating hydrogen. 2 Li + 2 H2O ==> 2 LiOH + H2(g) Source

GUIDELINES FOR INDIVIDUAL EUTHANASIA METHODS Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide can be used from compressed gas cylinders. Animals are usually placed in an enclosed container (e.g., a bell jar or specially designed euthanasia chamber) in which CO2 displaces the ambient air. Since CO2 is heavier than air it accumulates in the bottom of the container, and euthanasia is most rapid if the animals are confined in the lower portion of the container. If the animals are placed in the chamber before filling with CO2, then the flow rate for the gas should be adjusted to displace approximately 20% of the chamber volume per minute. The sound generated by the rapidly expanding gas can be such that it is distressful to the animals, so attempts should be made to muffle the noise. If animals are placed in a chamber that has been prefilled with at least 70% CO2, unconsciousness is induced more rapidly and the issue of noise is avoided. Neonatal animals require prolonged exposure to CO2 and it may be necessary to use an additional means to confirm death (e.g., decapitation under CO2 anesthesia). Cervical Dislocation Cervical dislocation is suited for poultry and other small birds, mice and rats < 200 grams. Since there exists some uncertainty about the animal's perception of pain during this procedure, its use in unanesthetized animals requires scientific justification. Animals can be euthanized by cervical dislocation under anesthesia without scientific justification. As with other physical means of euthanasia, training and experience are essential to the rapid induction of unconsciousness and the successful performance of euthanasia by this technique. For those unfamiliar with this technique, please contact the CMU at ext. 6555 for training. For mice, the animal is placed on a flat surface, restrained by the base of the tail in one hand while the thumb and first two fingers of the other hand restrain the head. The first finger of the hand restraining the head is placed immediately behind the skull and the tail is used to rapidly elevate the body and pull it back while simultaneously thrusting the finger down to dislocate the cervical vertebrae. Alternatively, a sturdy rod of approximately 0.75 cm diameter can be placed behind the head in place of the hand restraint of the head. Cervical dislocation is accomplished by elevating the body as described while pressing down with the rod. Decapitation Decapitation is usually accomplished using a commercially available guillotine and is most frequently used with small rodents such as rats. The procedure is generally regarded as aesthetically unpleasant, but it is an important method of euthanasia in those projects in which it is important to collect unadulterated tissue. As with cervical dislocation, its use in unanesthetized animals requires scientific justification as a part of the protocol review process. Decapitation can be performed in amphibians and reptiles using heavy sheers, however it must be followed by pithing and requires scientific justification. The blades of the guillotine or shears must be maintained in a sharp condition. Euthanasia Solution Most commercially available euthanasia solutions contain a high concentration of pentobarbital in propylene glycol and isopropyl or ethyl alcohol. They are administered by the intravenous route for those species with accessible veins (e.g., cats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, sheep). For rodents and other small mammals, they can be administered by intraperitoneal injection. The intracardiac route can be used only in fully anesthetized or unconscious animals. The usual dose is 1 ml per 10 pounds of body weight; however, the manufacturer's instructions should be followed. Exsanguination Exsanguination is often used where it is necessary to collect large volumes of blood from an animal. Exsanguination is approved only in fully anesthetized animals. Inhalant Anesthetic Agents In order of preference, halothane, enflurane and isoflurane are acceptable for euthanasia. For small animals (e.g., laboratory rodents and bats) administration in an enclosed chamber is suitable. For larger species inhalants should be administered with a vaporizer. When using inhalants in neonatal animals it may be necessary to use an additional means of euthanasia to confirm death (e.g., decapitation or exsanguination under anesthesia). Ether and methoxyflurane are conditionally acceptable. Pentobarbital Overdoses of pentobarbital are commonly used for euthanasia. Like the commercially available euthanasia solutions it is best given intravenously, although the intraperitoneal route is suitable for rodents and other small mammals. The intracardiac route can be used only in fully anesthetized or unconscious animals. The dose for euthanasia should be 120 mg/kg or greater. As for any method of euthanasia, death must be confirmed before disposal. Pithing Generally pithing is considered an adjunctive method of euthanasia suitable only for certain amphibians and reptilian species. For frogs, double pithing is conditionally acceptable. For other species, pithing must be accompanied by another means to achieve euthanasia. Source

A. Lanthanum-lithium-®-BINOL complex (LLB). A dry, 300-mL, three-necked flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, septum cap, and a rubber balloon filled with argon, is charged with ®-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (®-BINOL; 6.49 g, 22.7 mmol, Note 1) and 119 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF, Note 2) under an argon atmosphere. The system is placed in an ice-water bath and magnetic stirring is initiated. Via syringe, 28.4 mL (45.4 mmol) of a 1.60 M hexane solution of butyllithium (Note 3) is added to the cooled ®-BINOL solution over 7 min and the pale yellow mixture is stirred for an additional 15 min. The cooling bath is removed and the THF solution of ®-BINOL dilithium salt is allowed to reach room temperature. A 500-mL, two-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, reflux condenser, and a septum cap is charged with 3.12 g of lanthanum trichloride heptahydrate (LaCl3 · 7H2O, 8.4 mmol, Note 4) and 100 mL of THF. The resulting suspension is sonicated for 30 min at room temperature (Note 5). To this suspension is added the above prepared solution of ®-BINOL dilithium salt via syringe over 5 min with vigorous stirring (Note 6). After this mixture is stirred for 30 min at room temperature, a 0.52 M THF solution of sodium tert-butoxide (4.85 mL, 2.52 mmol, Note 7) is added via syringe over 5 min. The resulting suspension is stirred vigorously for 14 hr at room temperature and then stirred for 48 hr at 50°C. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature without stirring, and the supernatant is used as a 0.03 M solution of lanthanum-lithium-®-BINOL catalyst [®-LLB]. B. (2S,3S)-2-Nitro-5-phenyl-1,3-pentanediol. A 500-mL, two-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, septum cap, and a rubber balloon filled with argon, is charged with 119 mL of THF and a 0.03 M THF solution of ®-LLB catalyst (63.3 mL, 1.90 mmol) under an argon atmosphere. The system is cooled to −40°C and magnetic stirring is initiated (Note 8). The mixture is stirred for 30 min at −40°C, then 2-nitroethanol (3.00 mL, 41.8 mmol, Note 9) is added via syringe over 4 min. After 30 min of stirring at −40°C, 5.00 mL of 3-phenylpropanal (38.0 mmol, Note 10) is added via syringe over 5 min and the resulting solution is stirred for 90 hr. The reaction is monitored by TLC (Note 11). To the reaction mixture is added 150 mL of 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl). To this mixture is added 20 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) and the resulting mixture is transferred to a 2-L separatory funnel. The aqueous phase is extracted three times with ethyl acetate (400, 200, and 200 mL) and the combined organic phases are washed with 350 mL of aqueous saturated NaCl solution and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent is removed with a rotary evaporator, and the resulting crude product is recrystallized from 1 : 1 hexane: ether (ca. 200 mL) to give 4.31g (50%) of analytically pure (2S,3S)-2-nitro-5-phenyl-1,3-pentanediol (98% ee, Notes 12-15). Source

18-Methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA) is an unusual, methyl-branched chained saturated fatty acid that appears to be covalently attached, via a thioester linkage, to the outer surfaces of all mammalian keratin fibres; 18-MEA also forms the outer b-layer of the cuticular cell membrane complex (CCMC) which separates the cuticle cells from each other.1,2 The precise role of this specific fatty acid remains unclear,3 although the large segmental volume of the anteiso-terminus is expected to exhibit considerable molecular mobility and liquid-like behaviour compared to straight-chained analogues.4 Cosmetic companies are interested in 18-MEA as it may confer a conditioning benefit to hair surfaces.5 Synthesis of 18-MEA, a preferred method over bulk extraction from wool fibres, has been reported in a patent by the Kao Corporation (Scheme 1).5 The synthesis involves bromination of the commercially available 2-methyl-1-butanol (1), using hydrobromic acid (48%), to produce 1-bromo-2-methylbutane (2) and subsequent treatment with triphenylphosphine to yield 2-methylbutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (3).5 A Wittig condensation of 3 with methyl 15-formylpentadecanoate affords the unsaturated ester that is then reduced (H2/PtO2) and hydrolysed to yield 18-MEA (4). Scheme 1. A modified synthesis of 18-MEA was recently reported by Cundy and Gurr.6 The method uses a "Julia coupling", where the anion generated from a substituted benzothiazolylsulfone reacts with a carbonyl compound to yield an unsaturated ester. The Julia method, which has its own limitations, was used to eliminate the long time period required (3 days) to synthesise 2 from 1. In parallel, the same authors also followed the hydrobromic acid method to yield 2 in 75% yield; an N-bromosuccinimide mediated procedure7 was unsuccessful in improving the yield. We recently synthesised 18-MEA closely following the Kao Corp. method.5 Our interest was to investigate the adhesion properties, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), of self-assembled monolayers of 18-MEA and analogues to silanised mica surfaces.8 In following the first step of the synthesis, bromination of 1 to 2, we obtained a mixture of bromination products. In this paper, we report an alternative synthesis that greatly improves the yield of the required bromination product (2). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Results and Discussion The mixture of products obtained from the bromination of 1 using hydrobromic acid (48%) were identified using GCMS (Table 1). Table 1. Mixture of products obtained from bromination of 1 using hydrobromic acid. Peak RTa Compound %b 1 1.6 2-methylbut-1-ene 4.0 2 4.5 2-bromo-2-methylbutane 14.1 3 5.4 2-bromo-2-methylbutane 8.6 4 5.6 2-bromopentane 4.5 5 5.9 3-bromopentane 5.8 6 6.5 1-bromo-2-methylbutane (2) 54.2 aRetention time / min; bComponents 1% shown only. Bromination using hydrobromic acid proceeds via an SN1 pathway, involving the formation of a carbocation that can undergo rearrangement; this is the most likely explanation for the resultant mixture of products, where the required 1-bromo-2-methylbutane (2) was obtained in only 54% yield. Since separation of the bromo compounds would prove difficult, due to similarities in boiling points,9 and expensive on scale-up, an improved bromination method using red phosphorus and bromine, which directed an SN2 pathway, was used.10 The absence of carbocation rearrangement led to a high relative yield of 2 (85%) (Table 2). Table 2. Mixture of products obtained from bromination of 1 using red phosphorus and bromine. Peak RTa Compound %b 1 4.4 2-methylbutan-1-ol (1) 1.6 2 4.4 2-bromo-2-methylbutane 1.4 3 5.9 1-bromo-3-methylbutane 4.1 4 6.4 1-bromo-2-methylbutane (2) 85.4 5 11.6 1,3-dibromo-3-methylbutane 3.7 aRetention time / min; bComponents 1% shown only. The product, 2, was distilled directly from the reaction mixture. Attempts to add water prior to an ether extraction step and for the removal of excess phosphorus,10 resulted in the formation of oxidation products, such as 3-methylbutan-2-one (1.0%), 1,1'-oxybispentane (3.0%) and 2-methylbutanoic acid (4.4%) and a reduction in the yield of 2 (to 56%). In conclusion, an alternative route to 2, a bromo precursor compound for the synthesis of 18-MEA, is presented. The method produces 2 in much higher purity than that obtained from the use of hydrobromic acid, thus conserving the anteiso-terminus of the branched chain fatty acid, 18-MEA. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Experimental Bromination of 1 using hydrobromic acid: Sulphuric acid (conc., 52 g) in hydrobromic acid (48%, 161 g, 0.739 mol) was added to 1 (65 g, 0.430 mol) and the mixture gently refluxed for 72 h. Subsequent distillation yielded 2 as a colourless oil, 87.6 g (79%; lit. 72%5), which was dried over CaCl2. Bromination of 1 using red phosphorus and bromine: A suspension of red phosphorus (4.57 g, 0.147 mol) in 1 (65 g, 0.739 mol) was stirred under gentle reflux in a 500 cm3 three-necked flask fitted with a dropping funnel containing bromine (59.0 g, 0.369 mol). Bromine was introduced slowly at such a rate that only a small amount of bromine vapour appeared above the reaction mixture. Refluxing was continued for 30 min. and then the apparatus was rearranged for distillation to yield 2 as a colourless oil, 74.1 g (67%), b.p. 121 °C, lit. 121.6 °C,9 which was dried over CaCl2. 1H NMR (CDCl3): d 0.91 (t, CH3, 3H), 1.01 (d, 2-CH3, 3H), 1.29 (m, MeCH2,1H), 1.49 (m, MeCH2',1H), 1.73 (m, EtCH(Me), 1H), 3.37 (m, CH2-Br, 2H) ppm; 13C NMR (CDCl3): d 11.27 (2-CH3), 18.39 (n-CH3), 21.92, 27.61 (CH3CH2-), 36.80 (-CH2-CH(Me)-CH2-), 41.15 (CH2-Br) ppm; MS (m/z): 27, 29, 39, 41, 42, 43, 55, 57, 71, 80, 93, 107, 121, 123, 150 (M+), 152 ([M+2]+). GCMS: HP5890 GC with HP5971 MSD; scan mode 35 to 450 amu; SGE BPX5 25 m x 0.2 mm x 0.25 µm, bonded phase capillary column; He carrier gas, u = 1 cm3 min-1; injector temp. 250 °C, split injection at 20:1, injection size 1.0 µl; detector temp. 280 °C; oven programme: initial temp. 40 °C for 5 min., then ramped at 6 °C min-1 to 200 °C and held for 5 min. Source

I'd love to jab it into your snot while I'm high, thanks for the offer. When can I "come" over?