The disclosures about Syrian and North Korean cooperation in some ways confirm the president's 2002 axis of evil speech, which posited that Iran, Iraq, and North Korea cooperated in support of terrorism and weapons proliferation. A co-author of that speech, David Frum, when reached for a comment said, "There is now irrefutable public confirmation of North Korean and Syrian nuclear cooperation and suggestive indication of Iranian involvement. It's almost like they formed an axis or something."