i've done this once a year for the last couple of years. the first time, my time was similar to yours but I've gotten it under 12 hours, mostly by figuring out the most efficient bike route.
i think the fastest way is on a bike is actually to go south, cross i-90, get off at newport way and follow that to issaquah, then take the gravel bike road (issaquah-preston trail) from the new overpass at the east end of 'quah. that ends a few miles short of preston, but there's good shoulders most of the way. then hop on the deceptively named preston-snoqualmie trail (deceptive because it dead-ends before snoqualmie). leave the trail where it crosses the preston-fall city road and coast down to cross the river at fall city, then turn right and follow the highway past snoq. falls, snoq. and into downtown north bend. i park the bike at the little si trailhead and take the old trail to the summit as it is more direct.